{"id":16708,"date":"2020-10-14T14:27:37","date_gmt":"2020-10-14T06:27:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/?p=16708"},"modified":"2020-10-14T14:27:39","modified_gmt":"2020-10-14T06:27:39","slug":"when-to-use-le","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/en\/when-to-use-le\/","title":{"rendered":"When to Use \u4e86 le"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:51px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>\u4e86 = past tense<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>If you ever hear someone tell you that, you can be quite sure that the person doesn\u2019t understand the language at all, even if they are Chinese! Because \u4e86 \u2260 past tense!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-youtube su-u-responsive-media-yes\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0x7tAyRi4xI?\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media; picture-in-picture\" title=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/\u4e86-video-\u4e86\u7b14\u987a.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"812\" height=\"457\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Looks innocently simple doesn\u2019t it! But if you have learnt Mandarin for a while, you probably feel that the more you learn \u4e86, the more you don\u2019t know it. Just when and how do you use it? Something that was supposed to be simple somehow became a huge entangled mess. Not to worry. We\u2019ll untangle it one thread at a time!<\/p>\n<p>This is going to be a gruelling lesson so do hold on tight! To help you revise, I\u2019ve also created a <a href=\"summary-of-le\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">summary<\/a> and a <a href=\"exercises-on-le\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">quiz<\/a>. Check them out too!<\/p>\n<p><h2><span class=\"su-highlight\" style=\"background:#ffeb99;color:#a12326\">&nbsp;<strong>Word of caution!<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/span><\/h2><\/p>\n<p>In order for you to understand \u4e86 better, or to get through this episode in fact, you have to first chuck away the English paradigm, or the paradigm of any other language with tenses. It\u2019s hard, if that has been the only way you looked at languages, but this is a <em>really<\/em> important point, because many Mandarin learners get stuck due simply to them failing to look at Mandarin the way it is. Let\u2019s learn Mandarin with a clean slate of mind!<\/p>\n<p>Now first and foremost let\u2019s look at a couple of short simple sentences to prove that \u4e86 = past tense is a misconception that you should abandon once and for all.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>1a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/01a-\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86.mp3\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s five o\u2019clock.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>2a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2men sh\u00ec p\u00e9ngyou le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/02a-\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86<\/a><br>We\u2019re friends now.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Neither means the past, even though \u4e86 is present. How is that so? Stay tuned, we\u2019ll come to that later!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c20\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>So what is \u4e86? There are, broadly speaking, two types of \u4e86. The first is called an aspect particle, \u52a8\u6001\u52a9\u8bcd d\u00f2ngt\u00e0i zh\u00f9c\u00ed, usually called \u4e861, and the second is called a modal particle, \u8bed\u6c14\u52a9\u8bcd y\u01d4q\u00ec zh\u00f9c\u00ed, usually called \u4e862. They may look the same, but are actually different creatures.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:60px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-heading su-heading-style-default su-heading-align-center\" id=\"\" style=\"font-size:36px;margin-bottom:20px\"><div class=\"su-heading-inner\"><strong>Aspect Particle \u4e861<\/strong><\/div><\/div>\n<p>What is an aspect particle in Mandarin, and what does it do? An aspect particle is placed after a verb, and it expresses the state of the action, and in the case of \u4e861, it gives us information about the <strong>completion<\/strong> of the action. Many people confuse this with tense, and think that completion of an action equals past tense. It is not. In English, the tense tells us whether an action is in the past, present or future, but in Mandarin, the aspect particle \u4e861 tells us the state of the completion of the action at a certain point in time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/\u4e86-video-25-28.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16674\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This might be hard to understand, but it will get clearer as we go through the explanation and examples. In case you are wondering, other aspect particles include \u8fc7 guo and \u7740 zhe.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at the traits of \u4e861. There are quite a lot, but the following are the more important ones, and more than enough to make you go crazy! Remember, there\u2019s still \u4e862 after this! As you go through each of them, try to bear in mind the nature of \u4e861, which is about completion. Gradually you should be able to understand it better.<\/p>\n<p>\n<ol>\n  <li>aspect marker, not tense marker<\/li>\n  <li>after verb, before object<\/li>\n  <li>prone to loneliness<\/li>\n  <li>once is enough<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n<p>\u4e861 is usually not used in the following cases:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n  <li>negative sentences<\/li>\n  <li>habitual or repetitive actions<\/li>\n  <li>when completion is of no importance<\/li>\n  <li>emotional or mental verbs<\/li>\n  <li>non-action verbs<\/li>\n  <li>modal verbs<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>1. aspect marker, not tense marker<\/h3>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at this sentence:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03a-\u6211\u5403\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86<\/a><br>I have eaten.\/ I ate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Now you probably are thinking that this clearly is past tense. But I\u2019m not quite done with the explanation yet! Completion of an action does not mean it is in the past. We have to think of it within the context of the sentence. Let\u2019s look at the next one:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3b)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngb\u0101n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03b-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed<\/a><br>I\u2019ll go to work after eating.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>As I said, completion does not mean it has happened. It simply means what it means &#8211; completion, and this completion could happen in the past or future. So in 3b), \u4e86 still indicates completion of the verb \u5403, but that action of eating has yet to be completed. It simply is saying that when the action of \u5403 is complete, I will go to work. So in fact, in this sentence, I have not gone to work, neither am I done with eating!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>2. after verb, before object<\/h3>\n<p>In most cases, \u4e861 comes after the verb and before the object.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u4e861&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>Let\u2019s tweak example 3b) a little bit:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3c)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngb\u0101n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03c-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed<\/a><br>I\u2019ll go to work after eating.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Here, instead of just the verb \u5403, we have also the object \u996d. The aspect particle \u4e861 comes after the verb and before the object. We don\u2019t say:<\/p>\n<p><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012b f\u00e0n le ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngb\u0101n.<br>\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Ok, actually in spoken language you probably might hear this kind of structure from time to time, but well, it\u2019s not very grammatical.<\/p>\n<p>Note that if the verb contains a resultant complement, \u7ed3\u679c\u8865\u8bed ji\u00e9gu\u01d2 b\u01d4y\u01d4, \u4e861 comes after the complement. For example,<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3d)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012bw\u00e1n le f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngb\u0101n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u5b8c\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03d-\u6211\u5403\u5b8c\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u5b8c\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed<\/a><br>I\u2019ll go to work after I finish eating.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>3. prone to loneliness<\/h3>\n<p>This one needs quite a bit of explaining. Again, let\u2019s look at example 3). Say, we have this version of it:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3e???)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03e-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d<\/a><br>I\u2019ve eaten.\/ I ate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>We have \u4e861 after the verb and before the object, just like what we have learnt in the previous point, so it seems ok, doesn\u2019t it? The problem is that it ends just like that. This sentence doesn\u2019t sound quite complete, as though the speaker has yet to finish speaking.\u4e861 likes socialising, and needs more than just an object.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at three ways to make sure the sentence does not sound unfinished. The first is to have an attributive before the object. In simpler terms, we need to place something before the object to modify it so that it is more specific. This attributive is typically a measure word, an adjective or a pronoun.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>to make sentence sound complete, method 1:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u4e861&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>attributive<\/u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3f)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble li\u01ceng w\u01cen f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03f-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d<\/a><br>I ate two bowls of rice.<br><em>(measure word as attributive)<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Here are more examples with different attributives:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>4a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 zu\u00f2le h\u011bn du\u014d m\u00e1ntou.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u9992\u5934\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/04a-\u6211\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u9992\u5934.mp3\">\u6211\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u9992\u5934<\/a><br>I made a lot of buns.<br><em>(adjective as attributive)<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>5)<\/strong><br>M\u00e8imei ch\u012ble w\u01d2 de p\u00ednggu\u01d2.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u59b9\u59b9\u5403\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u82f9\u679c\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/05-\u59b9\u59b9\u5403\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u82f9\u679c.mp3\">\u59b9\u59b9\u5403\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u82f9\u679c<\/a><br>My younger sister ate my apple.<br><em>(pronoun as attributive)<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>6)<\/strong><br>T\u0101 m\u01ceile h\u011bn d\u00e0 de f\u00e1ngzi.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4ed6\u4e70\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/06-\u4ed6\u4e70\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5b50.mp3\">\u4ed6\u4e70\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5b50<\/a><br>He bought a large house.<br><em>(adjective as attributive)<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>The second way to avoid sounding unfinished is having an adverbial adjunct before the verb:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>to make sentence sound complete, method 2:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>Adverbial<\/u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u4e861 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3g)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 y\u01d0jing ch\u012ble f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03g-\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u5403\u4e86\u996d.mp3\">\u6211\u5df2\u7ecf\u5403\u4e86\u996d<\/a><br>I have already eaten.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>4b)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 zu\u00f3ti\u0101n zu\u00f2le m\u00e1ntou.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u6628\u5929\u505a\u4e86\u9992\u5934\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/04b-\u6211\u6628\u5929\u505a\u4e86\u9992\u5934.mp3\">\u6211\u6628\u5929\u505a\u4e86\u9992\u5934<\/a><br>I made buns yesterday.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>If you have been paying close attention, you might have guessed the third way to avoid sounding unfinished. That\u2019s right &#8211; by finishing the sentence with more information, like our previous sentence:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>to make sentence sound complete, method 3:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u4e861&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>2nd clause<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3c)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble f\u00e0n ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngb\u0101n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03c-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed<\/a><br>I will go to work after eating.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>If we didn\u2019t have an attributive, an adverbial, or a second clause, and left the sentence in 3e) as it is, I personally wouldn\u2019t say the sentence is terribly wrong, but if someone said this to me, I would probably be left wondering, what exactly is the point you are trying to make, and I would be expecting more from you. It is like a sentence with only the skeleton. Having an attributive, an adverbial or a second clause fills up the noisy void, thereby making it sound complete.<\/p>\n<p>So, remember that \u4e861 doesn\u2019t like being alone with the object. Make sure it gets more company!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>4. once is enough!<\/h3>\n<p>Typically, in serial verb sentences \u8fde\u52a8\u53e5 li\u00e1nd\u00f2ngj\u00f9 and pivotal sentences \u517c\u8bed\u53e5 ji\u0101ny\u01d4j\u00f9, in which more than one verb is present, we only use \u4e861 with the last verb. I cannot go into details of these structures here, but they are important structures in Mandarin. If you have not learnt them, just know for now that they are structures with more than one verb, and get a rough feel of what I mean by \u2018once is enough\u2019 through the following examples. Let\u2019s look at these examples:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>7)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 zu\u00f3ti\u0101n zu\u00f2 d\u00ecti\u011b q\u00f9le t\u0101 ji\u0101.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u6628\u5929\u5750\u5730\u94c1\u53bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/07-\u6211\u6628\u5929\u5750\u5730\u94c1\u53bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bb6.mp3\">\u6211\u6628\u5929\u5750\u5730\u94c1\u53bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bb6<\/a><br>I took the subway to his house yesterday.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>8)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 r\u00e0ng t\u0101 d\u01ces\u01ceo le h\u00e1izi de f\u00e1ngji\u0101n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6253\u626b\u4e86\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/08-\u6211\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6253\u626b\u4e86\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u623f\u95f4.mp3\">\u6211\u8ba9\u4ed6\u6253\u626b\u4e86\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u623f\u95f4<\/a><br>I asked (\/let\/made) him to clean up the children\u2019s room.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Now let\u2019s move on to look at cases when we usually don\u2019t use \u4e861.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>5. negative actions<\/h3>\n<p>In negative sentences, \u6ca1 m\u00e9i is added before the verb, and \u4e861 has to be dropped. The negative structure is:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>\u6ca1\uff08\u6709\uff09 m\u00e9i (y\u01d2u)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3h)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 m\u00e9i ch\u012b.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u6ca1\u5403\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03h-\u6211\u6ca1\u5403.mp3\">\u6211\u6ca1\u5403<\/a><br>I didn\u2019t eat.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>4c)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 m\u00e9i zu\u00f2 m\u00e1ntou.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u6ca1\u505a\u9992\u5934\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/04c-\u6211\u6ca1\u505a\u9992\u5934.mp3\">\u6211\u6ca1\u505a\u9992\u5934<\/a><br>I didn\u2019t make buns.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p><strong><em>Do note that \u4e0d b\u00f9 is not used to negate \u4e861.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>6. habitual or repetitive actions<\/h3>\n<p>This is where a lot of learners make mistakes. In habitual actions, even if the action is done, \u4e861 is unnecessary.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>9)<\/strong><br>Xi\u01ceo sh\u00edhou, w\u01d2 m\u011biti\u0101n ch\u012b d\u00f2ush\u0101b\u0101o.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u6bcf\u5929\u5403\u8c46\u6c99\u5305\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/09-\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u6bcf\u5929\u5403\u8c46\u6c99\u5305.mp3\">\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u6bcf\u5929\u5403\u8c46\u6c99\u5305<\/a><br>When I was young, I ate bean paste buns every day.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c20\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Even if the occurrence is rare, we don\u2019t use \u4e861.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>10)<\/strong><br>Xi\u01ceo sh\u00edhou, w\u01d2 zh\u01d0sh\u00ec \u01d2u\u2019\u011br ch\u012b d\u00f2ush\u0101b\u0101o.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u5c14\u5403\u8c46\u6c99\u5305\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/10-\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u5c14\u5403\u8c46\u6c99\u5305.mp3\">\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u5c14\u5403\u8c46\u6c99\u5305<\/a><br>When I was young, I ate bean paste buns only once in a while.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c20\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>HOWEVER, if completion of the action is important in the context, \u4e861 has to be used.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>11)<\/strong><br>Xi\u01ceo sh\u00edhou, w\u01d2 m\u011biti\u0101n d\u014du sh\u00ec ch\u012ble d\u00f2ush\u0101b\u0101o z\u00e0i h\u0113 k\u011bk\u011b.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u662f\u5403\u4e86\u8c46\u6c99\u5305\u518d\u559d\u53ef\u53ef\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/11-\u6211\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u662f\u5403\u4e86\u8c46\u6c99\u5305\u518d\u559d\u53ef\u53ef.mp3\">\u6211\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u662f\u5403\u4e86\u8c46\u6c99\u5305\u518d\u559d\u53ef\u53ef<\/a><br>When I was young, I used to drink cocoa after having bean paste buns every day.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>7. when completion is of no importance<\/h3>\n<p>Even if it the action has been completed, we don\u2019t usually use \u4e861 if its completion is of no importance. This type of sentence is typically seen in reporting or narrating, especially consecutive actions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>12)<\/strong><br>T\u0101 d\u01cek\u0101i m\u00e9n, z\u01d2ujin ch\u00faf\u00e1ng, zu\u00f2xialai j\u00ecngj\u00ecngde ch\u012b f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5979\u6253\u5f00\u95e8\uff0c\u8d70\u8fdb\u53a8\u623f\uff0c\u5750\u4e0b\u6765\u9759\u9759\u5730\u5403\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/12-\u5979\u6253\u5f00\u95e8.mp3\">\u5979\u6253\u5f00\u95e8<\/a><br>She opened the door, walked into the kitchen, and sat down to eat quietly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c20\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>On the other hand, if you want to emphasise completion, you can use \u4e861 repeatedly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>13)<\/strong><br>A:<br>N\u01d0 j\u012bnti\u0101n d\u014du zu\u00f2le xi\u0113 sh\u00e9nme?<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4f60\u4eca\u5929\u90fd\u505a\u4e86\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/13a-\u4f60\u4eca\u5929\u90fd\u505a\u4e86\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48.mp3\">\u4f60\u4eca\u5929\u90fd\u505a\u4e86\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48<\/a><br>What did you do today?<br>B:<br>X\u01d0le y\u012bfu, s\u01ceole d\u00ec, m\u01ceile c\u00e0i, zu\u00f2le f\u00e0n, m\u00e1ngdeh\u011bn ne!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6d17\u4e86\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u626b\u4e86\u5730\uff0c\u4e70\u4e86\u83dc\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u996d\uff0c\u5fd9\u5f97\u5f88\u5462\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/13b-\u6d17\u4e86\u8863\u670d\u626b\u4e86\u5730\u4e70\u4e86\u83dc\u505a\u4e86\u996d\u5fd9\u5f97\u5f88\u5462.mp3\">\u6d17\u4e86\u8863\u670d<\/a><br>I did the laundry, swept the floor, did the grocery and prepared dinner. Super busy!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>8. emotional or mental verbs<\/h3>\n<p>We don\u2019t use \u4e861 with emotional or mental verbs, as these verbs are about emotional and mental states, not about completion of actions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>14)<\/strong><br>Sh\u00e0ng d\u00e0xu\u00e9 de sh\u00edhou, w\u01d2men d\u014du x\u01d0huan n\u00e0ge g\u0113sh\u01d2u.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u90a3\u4e2a\u6b4c\u624b\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/14-\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u559c\u6b22\u90a3\u4e2a\u6b4c\u624b.mp3\">\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/a><br>We all liked that singer when we were in university.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>15)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 d\u01cesuan j\u00ecx\u00f9 xu\u00e9x\u00ed H\u00e0ny\u01d4.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u6c49\u8bed\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/15-\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u6c49\u8bed.mp3\">\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\u6c49\u8bed<\/a><br>I intend to continue learning Mandarin.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>9. non-action verbs<\/h3>\n<p>Again, verbs like \u662f sh\u00ec, \u5728 z\u00e0i, \u59d3 x\u00ecng have nothing to do with completion, so \u4e861 is not used. (Note that there are exceptions, so there are cases where non-action verbs are used with \u4e861.)<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>16)<\/strong><br>N\u00e0 sh\u00edhou t\u0101 sh\u00ec l\u01ceosh\u012b.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u5979\u662f\u8001\u5e08\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/16-\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u5979\u662f\u8001\u5e08.mp3\">\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u5979\u662f\u8001\u5e08<\/a><br>She was a teacher then.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>17)<\/strong><br>Zu\u00f3ti\u0101n w\u01d2 z\u00e0i ji\u0101.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6628\u5929\u6211\u5728\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/17-\u6628\u5929\u6211\u5728\u5bb6.mp3\">\u6628\u5929\u6211\u5728\u5bb6<\/a><br>I was at home yesterday.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>10. modal verbs<\/h3>\n<p>Modal verbs like \u60f3 xi\u01ceng, \u8981 y\u00e0o, \u80fd n\u00e9ng, \u4f1a hu\u00ec, \u53ef\u4ee5 k\u011by\u01d0, express possibility, ability or willingness, not completion, so again, \u4e861 is not used.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>18)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 g\u0101ngc\u00e1i xi\u01ceng ch\u012b li\u01ceng w\u01cen f\u00e0n, k\u011bsh\u00ec t\u0101 zh\u01d0 g\u011bi w\u01d2 y\u012b w\u01cen.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u521a\u624d\u60f3\u5403\u4e24\u7897\u996d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u53ea\u7ed9\u6211\u4e00\u7897\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/18-\u6211\u521a\u624d\u60f3\u5403\u4e24\u7897\u996d.mp3\">\u6211\u521a\u624d\u60f3\u5403\u4e24\u7897\u996d<\/a><br>I wanted to eat two bowls of rice just now, but he only gave me one bowl.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>19)<\/strong><br>N\u01d0 xi\u01ceo sh\u00edhou hu\u00ec shu\u014d Y\u012bngy\u01d4 ma?<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4f60\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u5417\uff1f<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/19-\u4f60\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u5417.mp3\">\u4f60\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u5417<\/a><br>Could you speak English when you were young?<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:60px\"><\/div>\n<p>Good job for surviving so far! Now let\u2019s move on to \u4e862.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-heading su-heading-style-default su-heading-align-center\" id=\"\" style=\"font-size:36px;margin-bottom:20px\"><div class=\"su-heading-inner\"><strong>Modal Particle \u4e862<\/strong><\/div><\/div>\n<p>As we have seen, although there are many things to bear in mind about \u4e861, fundamentally it only expresses one thing &#8211; the completion of an action. Similarly, \u4e862, despite having a variety of meanings on the surface level, has basically one most important underlying feature that you should familiarise yourself with &#8211; <strong>change<\/strong>. Some of the following might be baffling to a beginner, especially if you already have the \u201c\u4e86 = past tense\u201d mind set, so keep in mind its key function of expressing change.<\/p>\n<p>First off, let\u2019s have an overview of what we will learn about \u4e862:<\/p>\n<p>\n<ol>\n  <li>mostly placed at end of sentence<\/li>\n  <li>indicates change<\/li>\n  <li>expresses confirmation of completion of action <\/li>\n  <li>expresses change in quantity<\/li>\n  <li>expresses urging or advice<\/li>\n  <li>fixed structures<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>1. mostly placed at end of sentence<\/h3>\n<p>This is one easy way to decide whether you are looking at \u4e861 or \u4e862. As we have already seen, \u4e861 is in most cases placed after the verb. \u4e862, on the other hand, comes mostly at the end of a sentence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>2. indicates change<\/h3>\n<p>This is the main characteristic of \u4e862. We should look at this from a broad perspective. What is meant by \u2018change\u2019? It could be that something has transformed completely into another, or just mildly modified. The change could be sudden, or gradual. A new situation has emerged, or a previous condition has disappeared. In any case, the point is that there is change. Often we can\u2019t translate this meaning of change. But since it means that \u2018the situation has become so\u2019, often it is translated as \u2018already\u2019, \u2018no longer\u2019, or \u2018now\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s go back to the two sentences at the beginning.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>1a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/01a-\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86.mp3\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s five o\u2019clock.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>2a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2men sh\u00ec p\u00e9ngyou le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/02a-\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86<\/a><br>We\u2019re friends now.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Depending on what kind of nuance you want to convey, sentence 1a) could be translated as \u2018it is already five o\u2019clock\u2019, and 2a) \u2018we are already friends\u2019, or, \u2018we\u2019ve become friends\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>In case you are still quite baffled, let\u2019s compare the following:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>1a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/01a-\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86.mp3\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s five o\u2019clock.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>VS<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>1b)<\/strong><br>Xi\u00e0nz\u00e0i w\u01d4 di\u01cen.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u73b0\u5728\u4e94\u70b9\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/01b-\u73b0\u5728\u4e94\u70b9.mp3\">\u73b0\u5728\u4e94\u70b9<\/a><br>It\u2019s five o\u2019clock now. <\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>They both basically mean the same thing. But we would probably say them under different circumstances. Say, you are busy working at your computer, and then happen to take a glance at the clock. And suddenly you realise the time. Oh, it\u2019s five o\u2019clock! In this case you would say \u4e94\u70b9\u4e86 W\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at another scenario. You are out shopping with your friends and you all decide that you would go shop for your own stuff before gathering again. You need to fix a time, so you look at your watch and notice it\u2019s five o\u2019clock now. In that case, you would say \u73b0\u5728\u4e94\u70b9 Xi\u00e0nz\u00e0i w\u01d4 di\u01cen, as you are simply reporting the time. And maybe you would continue with \u6211\u4eec\u516d\u70b9\u96c6\u5408\u5427 W\u01d2men li\u00f9 di\u01cen j\u00edh\u00e9 ba &#8211; let\u2019s gather at six. In case you are wondering, can we combine the two variations and say:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>1c)<\/strong><br>Xi\u00e0nz\u00e0i w\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u73b0\u5728\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/01c-\u73b0\u5728\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86.mp3\">\u73b0\u5728\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s five o\u2019clock now. <\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Yes, that works fine! There\u2019s no hard and fast rule to this, it simply depends on what nuance is needed in that particular situation.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at example 2a) again in greater depth.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>2a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2men sh\u00ec p\u00e9ngyou le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/02a-\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u4e86<\/a><br>We\u2019re friends now.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Very often, learners make this kind of sentences, intending to mean \u2018we were friends\u2019, in the mistaken belief that \u4e86 means past tense. Let\u2019s look at the following to understand this better.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>2b)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2men y\u01d0qi\u00e1n sh\u00ec p\u00e9ngyou. Xi\u00e0nz\u00e0i b\u00f9 sh\u00ec le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/02b-\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u4e86<\/a><br>We were friends before. Now we are no longer friends.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>The first sentence without \u4e86 would become past tense in English, whereas the second, with \u4e86, is present tense. Now do you see why you should never think of \u4e86 as past tense?<\/p>\n<p>This \u4e862 indicating change is often placed after nouns, adjectives, verbs, modal verbs and even phrases. Verbs \u6709 y\u01d2u and \u662f sh\u00ec are often used with this. We have seen a noun example in 1) and a \u662f sh\u00ec example in 2). Let\u2019s now look at other cases.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>20)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 p\u00e0ng le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u80d6\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/20-\u6211\u80d6\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u80d6\u4e86<\/a><br>I\u2019ve put on weight.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>This literally means \u2018I fat already\u2019<em> (Singlish!)<\/em>. I wasn\u2019t previously, but now I am.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>21)<\/strong><br>A:<br>M\u00edngti\u0101n de hu\u00ecy\u00ec n\u01d0 y\u011b d\u011bi c\u0101nji\u0101.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u660e\u5929\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u4f60\u4e5f\u5f97\u53c2\u52a0\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/21a-\u660e\u5929\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u4f60\u4e5f\u5f97\u53c2\u52a0.mp3\">\u660e\u5929\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\u4f60\u4e5f\u5f97\u53c2\u52a0<\/a><br>You also have to join the meeting tomorrow.<br>B:<br>H\u01ceo, zh\u012bd\u00e0o le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u597d\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/21b-\u597d\u77e5\u9053\u4e86.mp3\">\u597d\u77e5\u9053\u4e86<\/a><br>Alright.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>I didn\u2019t know previously, now I know.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>22)<\/strong><br>M\u00edngti\u0101n x\u012bngq\u012b y\u012b le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u660e\u5929\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/22-\u660e\u5929\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u4e86.mp3\">\u660e\u5929\u661f\u671f\u4e00\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s Monday tomorrow.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>In this example, can we say simply \u660e\u5929\u661f\u671f\u4e00 M\u00edngti\u0101n x\u012bngq\u012b y\u012b? Yes we can. The \u4e86 adds on a sense of change. Imagine tearing off the page of the calendar. Without \u4e86, you are simply stating the fact that it is Monday tomorrow.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>23)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 y\u01d2u n\u01da p\u00e9ngyou le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u6709\u5973\u670b\u53cb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/23-\u6211\u6709\u5973\u670b\u53cb\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u6709\u5973\u670b\u53cb\u4e86<\/a><br>I\u2019ve got a girlfriend.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>I previously had no girlfriend, now I\u2019ve got one.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>24)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 b\u00f9 xi\u01ceng q\u00f9 le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u53bb\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/24-\u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u53bb\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u4e0d\u60f3\u53bb\u4e86<\/a><br>I don\u2019t feel like going anymore.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>In this example, with or without \u4e86 makes quite a bit of a difference. Having \u4e86 here means that you previously wanted to go, but now you\u2019ve had a change of mind. Another point to take note is, if you recall, for negatives in \u4e861, we can only use \u6ca1 m\u00e9i, not \u4e0d b\u00f9. For \u4e862, both \u4e0d b\u00f9 and \u6ca1 m\u00e9i are often used, since \u4e862 talks about change, not about actions being completed. Also, we can\u2019t use modal verbs for \u4e861, but as you can see here, we can use them with \u4e862.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>25)<\/strong><br>Sh\u01d2uj\u012b m\u00e9i di\u00e0n le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u624b\u673a\u6ca1\u7535\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/25-\u624b\u673a\u6ca1\u7535\u4e86.mp3\">\u624b\u673a\u6ca1\u7535\u4e86<\/a><br>The phone has run out of battery.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>There was battery earlier, but not anymore.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>26)<\/strong><br>T\u0101 n\u01ceinai sh\u0113nt\u01d0 b\u00f9 h\u01ceo le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4ed6\u5976\u5976\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u597d\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/26-\u4ed6\u5976\u5976\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u597d\u4e86.mp3\">\u4ed6\u5976\u5976\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u597d\u4e86<\/a><br>His grandmother\u2019s health is failing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>His grandmother used to be better in health, but now no longer.<\/p>\n<p>I have lumped examples of nouns, adjectives, verbs, modal verbs, phrases into one single section, but if you really want to learn this well, I would suggest doing lots of practice with each of them, one by one, so that you get used to the different structures and get a good feel of them. Otherwise you might end up getting confused.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>3. expresses confirmation of completion of action<\/h3>\n<p>Actually this should also be part of point B &#8211; expressing change, but I have chosen to single it out, as this feature of \u4e862 is probably the most confusing.<\/p>\n<p>Remember earlier we when we were looking at \u4e861, I said that the following sentence is a little awkward?<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3e???)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03e-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d<\/a><br>I\u2019ve eaten.\/ I ate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>It sounds as if the sentence is half-finished. To make it sound complete, we learnt earlier <strong>(3. prone to loneliness in \u4e861)<\/strong> that you either could insert an attributive before the object, an adverbial adjunct before the verb, or continue with a second part of the sentence. Now you have yet another way to finish it off nicely. Just add \u4e862 at the end.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>to make sentence sound complete, method 4: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;V&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;\u4e861&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<u>\u201c\u4e862\u201d<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3i)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble f\u00e0n le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03i-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u4e86.mp3\">-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u996d\u4e86<\/a><br>I\u2019ve eaten.\/ I ate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>That means, in this sentence, we have both \u4e861 and \u4e862. So, ironically, although \u4e861 is used for indicating completion, it does not complete this sentence well on its own. \u4e862 is the one that finishes the job! Remember I said that \u4e861 only expresses completion but does not necessarily mean that the action is really complete? This \u4e862 gives the final \u2019confirmation\u2019 that the action is complete. <\/p>\n<p>Actually, in such short sentences, \u4e861 can be, and is often, omitted. So we can simply say:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3j)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012b f\u00e0n le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03j-\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86<\/a><br>I\u2019ve eaten.\/ I ate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>How do we reconcile this with the feature of change? \u4e862 wraps up the whole sentence before it, indicating that this is a new situation that has emerged. The new situation now is that I have eaten. In English, this sentence is past, but as I have been repeating, it does not mean past tense in Mandarin, even though it looks eerily like the past tense! It basically confirms that an action has been completed, and this is the new situation.<\/p>\n<p>I know if this is the first time you are learning this, it might sound a little bizarre, and it might take a bit of time for this feature to really sink in.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at another one of our previous eating examples.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3b)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngb\u0101n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03b-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed<\/a><br>I will go to work after eating.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>Let\u2019s see what happens if we affix \u4e862 at the end:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3k)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble ji\u00f9 q\u00f9 sh\u00e0ngb\u0101n le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03k-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u5c31\u53bb\u4e0a\u73ed\u4e86<\/a><br>I went to work after eating.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>We have the confirmation that everything in this sentence has happened. I ate, and I went to work too. \u4e862 confirms that this is the new situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>4. expresses change in quantity<\/h3>\n<p>Again, this is about change so it should come under point B, but because this is a huge topic, I had to single it out.<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ll start from something simple:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>27)<\/strong><br>H\u00e1izi b\u0101 su\u00ec le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5b69\u5b50\u516b\u5c81\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/27-\u5b69\u5b50\u516b\u5c81\u4e86.mp3\">\u5b69\u5b50\u516b\u5c81\u4e86<\/a><br>The child is eight years old now.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>This indicates there has been change in the age, and now it has reached eight years old. This is, in fact, the same category as example 1a) we looked at:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>1a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d4 di\u01cen le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/01a-\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86.mp3\">\u4e94\u70b9\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s five o\u2019clock.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>There has been ongoing change in the time, and now it has reached five o\u2019clock.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s now look at something more complex &#8211; using \u4e862 with the Complements of Quantity and Duration \u6570\u91cf\u8865\u8bed sh\u00f9li\u00e0ng b\u01d4y\u01d4 and \u65f6\u91cf\u8865\u8bed sh\u00edli\u00e0ng b\u01d4y\u01d4. If you have learnt the Complements of Quantity and Duration, you might have learnt that when you have a single \u4e86, it means the action is over, and when you have two \u4e86s, it means that the action is ongoing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>28a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 xu\u00e9le li\u01ceng ni\u00e1n H\u00e0ny\u01d4.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5b66\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u6c49\u8bed\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/28a-\u6211\u5b66\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u6c49\u8bed.mp3\">\u6211\u5b66\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u6c49\u8bed<\/a><br>I learnt Mandarin for two years.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>28b)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 xu\u00e9le li\u01ceng ni\u00e1n H\u00e0ny\u01d4 le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5b66\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u6c49\u8bed\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/28b-\u6211\u5b66\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u6c49\u8bed\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u5b66\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u6c49\u8bed\u4e86<\/a><br>I have been learning Mandarin for two years.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>These two examples are commonly found in textbooks to indicate the difference between having one \u4e86 and two \u4e86s. In 28a), the action of learning is complete, whereas in 28b), I am still learning and intend to continue. What is the logic behind this?<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s use our previous example to find out.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3f)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble li\u01ceng w\u01cen f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03f-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d<\/a><br>I ate two bowls of rice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>As we learnt earlier, in order to make the sentence sound complete, we need an attributive before the object, and in this case, the attributive is \u4e24\u7897 li\u01ceng w\u01cen. So in this sentence, I have eaten two bowls of rice, and the action of eating is complete. Now let\u2019s see what happens if we add \u4e862 at the end of it.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3l)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble li\u01ceng w\u01cen f\u00e0n le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03l-\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86<\/a><br>I have already eaten two bowls of rice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>This basically still means that I ate two bowls of rice, but the final \u4e862 indicates the change in the number, and this is something in progression. I ate the first bowl, and now I have reached the second. Think of this sentence like an open-ended story. In the case of 3f), the action of eating is complete, and you can assume that this is the end of the story. But in the case of 3l), the story is to be continued. This person might still want to eat yet another bowl. Or he might want to say that he can\u2019t eat anymore. Do you now get what I meant by this is something still in progression?<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s compare the following three dialogues. First, with only \u4e861:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>29a)<\/strong><br>A:<br>J\u012bnti\u0101n l\u01ceob\u01cen q\u01d0ng k\u00e8, y\u012bd\u00ecng ch\u012b de h\u011bn b\u01ceo ba?<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4eca\u5929\u8001\u677f\u8bf7\u5ba2\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5403\u5f97\u5f88\u9971\u5427\uff1f<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/29aa-\u4eca\u5929\u8001\u677f\u8bf7\u5ba2.mp3\">\u4eca\u5929\u8001\u677f\u8bf7\u5ba2<\/a><br>It was the boss\u2019 treat today. You must have had your fill?<br>B:<br>Sh\u00ec a, ch\u0101o h\u01ceoch\u012b, w\u01d2 ch\u012ble li\u01ceng w\u01cen f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u662f\u554a\uff0c\u8d85\u597d\u5403\uff0c\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/29ab-\u662f\u554a\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d.mp3\">\u662f\u554a\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d<\/a><br>Yeah, it was super delicious. I had two bowls of rice.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>Now, with both \u4e861 and \u4e862:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>29b)<\/strong><br>A:<br>N\u01d0 zh\u0113n n\u00e9ng ch\u012b a!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4f60\u771f\u80fd\u5403\u554a\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/29ba-\u4f60\u771f\u80fd\u5403\u554a.mp3\">\u4f60\u771f\u80fd\u5403\u554a<\/a><br>You sure can eat a lot!<br>B:<br>Sh\u00ec a, w\u01d2 ch\u012ble li\u01ceng w\u01cen f\u00e0n le, z\u00e0i ch\u012b y\u012b w\u01cen y\u012bngg\u0101i ji\u00f9 b\u01ceo le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u662f\u554a\uff0c\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86\uff0c\u518d\u5403\u4e00\u7897\u5e94\u8be5\u5c31\u9971\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/29bb-\u662f\u554a\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86.mp3\">\u662f\u554a\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86<\/a><br>Yeah, I\u2019ve already had two bowls. Another bowl and I should be full.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>OR<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>29c)<\/strong><br>A:<br>J\u012bnti\u0101n w\u01d2 q\u01d0ng k\u00e8, n\u01d0 z\u011bnme ch\u012b de n\u00e0me sh\u01ceo? Z\u00e0i du\u014d ch\u012b xi\u0113!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u8bf7\u5ba2\uff0c\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u5403\u5f97\u90a3\u4e48\u5c11\uff1f\u518d\u591a\u5403\u4e9b\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/29ca-\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u8bf7\u5ba2.mp3\">\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u8bf7\u5ba2<\/a><br>It\u2019s my treat today, why are you eating so little? Have more!<br>B:<br>B\u00f9 x\u00edng a, w\u01d2 ch\u012b le li\u01ceng w\u01cen f\u00e0n le, z\u00e0i ch\u012b ji\u00f9 z\u01d2ubud\u00f2ng le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4e0d\u884c\u554a\uff0c\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86\uff0c\u518d\u5403\u5c31\u8d70\u4e0d\u52a8\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/29cb-\u4e0d\u884c\u554a\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86.mp3\">\u4e0d\u884c\u554a\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d\u4e86<\/a><br>Oh I can\u2019t. I\u2019ve already had two bowls. I won\u2019t be able to move if I eat more.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>Let\u2019s take a breather. You might now be quite overwhelmed by the seemingly inconsistent or even contradictory traits we have seen so far. So we learnt earlier that in order to mark an action complete, we simply put \u4e862 at the end <strong>(3. expresses confirmation of completion of action)<\/strong>. Yet now we\u2019ve just learnt that if we have \u4e862 at the end, it means the action is not finished?! Fret not. It\u2019s not contradictory. This new trait that we\u2019ve just learnt pertains to the Complements of Quantity and Duration, or, to put it in simpler terms, it is when we are talking about numbers (specifically, how many or how long). Also, abandon the baggage of \u2018past tense\u2019, bear in mind the notion of \u2018change\u2019. This should help prevent you from losing your track!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>5. expresses urging or advice<\/h3>\n<p>You might have heard people say this:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>30)<\/strong><br>Z\u01d2u le<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u8d70\u4e86<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/30-\u8d70\u4e86.mp3\">\u8d70\u4e86<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>What do you think this means? Without any context, we could guess that this might mean that someone has left (i.e., the action of leaving has happened). In that case it could be part of a dialogue like the following:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>30a)<\/strong><br>A:<br>Xi\u01ceom\u00edng ne?<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5c0f\u660e\u5462\uff1f<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/30aa-\u5c0f\u660e\u5462.mp3\">\u5c0f\u660e\u5462<\/a><br>Where\u2019s Xiaoming?<br>B:<br>Z\u01d2u le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u8d70\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/30ab-\u8d70\u4e86.mp3\">\u662f\u554a\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u4e24\u7897\u996d<\/a><br>He\u2019s left.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>But it can also be used when urging people to leave. Often, in such cases, the speaker would say the same thing twice or more.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>30b)<\/strong><br>Z\u01d2u le! Z\u01d2u le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u8d70\u4e86\uff01\u8d70\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/30b-\u8d70\u4e86\u8d70\u4e86.mp3\">\u8d70\u4e86\u8d70\u4e86<\/a><br>Get going! Get going!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>And why can this \u4e862 be used for urging people to do something? <em>That\u2019s because this \u4e862 tells us that the time has come to do something, or to stop doing something.<\/em> Again, this is the fundamental trait of expressing change. It wasn\u2019t time to leave a while ago, but now, the situation has changed and it\u2019s time to leave.<\/p>\n<p>This is a good example to look at how Mandarin is so highly dependant on context. The action of \u8d70 z\u01d2u could be anybody, including the speaker. It might mean that the speaker himself is leaving right now, as the subject \u6211 w\u01d2 can be omitted. So here, you can imagine that the speaker is announcing that it is time for him to leave.<\/p> \n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>30c)<\/strong><br>(W\u01d2) z\u01d2u le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\uff08\u6211\uff09\u8d70\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/30c-\u6211\u8d70\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u8d70\u4e86<\/a><br>I\u2019m off!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>If the subject is unspecified, as I said, the action of \u8d70 could be referring to anybody, or even anything actually. Say, we have been waiting anxiously for the bus to move, so finally when it moves, we might say in relief:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>30d)<\/strong><br>Z\u01d2u le, z\u01d2u le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u8d70\u4e86\uff0c\u8d70\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/30d-\u8d70\u4e86\u8d70\u4e86.mp3\">\u8d70\u4e86\u8d70\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s moving, it\u2019s moving!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Without context, what is unclear is not just the subject, but also the time of action. The action of leaving might have been over for some time, like 30a), or is just going to happen the very next moment, like 30b) and 30c), or it could also be happening right this moment, like 30d). Are you, at this point, wondering if machine translation is ever possible?<\/p>\n<p>Anyway, let\u2019s look at a couple more examples:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>31)<\/strong><br>Bi\u00e9 k\u016b le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u522b\u54ed\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/31-\u522b\u54ed\u4e86.mp3\">\u522b\u54ed\u4e86<\/a><br>Stop crying!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>32)<\/strong><br>Ch\u012b f\u00e0n le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5403\u996d\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/32-\u5403\u996d\u4e86.mp3\">\u5403\u996d\u4e86<\/a><br>Time for breakfast\/ lunch\/ dinner!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Wait\u2026 Doesn\u2019t this last one look familiar? Yes, we saw something similar earlier in <strong>3. expresses confirmation of completion of action<\/strong>, example 3j:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3j)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012b f\u00e0n le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03j-\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86<\/a><br>I\u2019ve eaten.\/ I ate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Now that we have learnt that this \u4e862 can also mean \u2018it\u2019s time to do (or stop doing) something\u2019, do you see what other possible meaning this sentence could have? Right, it could mean <em>\u2018I\u2019m going to eat now.\u2019<\/em> Perhaps a little bit of context to make it easier to understand. Let\u2019s look at the following dialogue:<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>33)<\/strong><br>A:<br>W\u01d2 h\u00e1i m\u00e9i h\u01ceo ne, n\u01d0 d\u011bngdeng w\u01d2, w\u01d2men y\u012bq\u01d0 ch\u012b f\u00e0n.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u597d\u5462\uff0c\u4f60\u7b49\u7b49\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u5403\u996d\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/33a-\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u5403\u996d.mp3\">\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u5403\u996d<\/a><br>I\u2019m not done yet. Wait for me, we\u2019ll eat together.<br>B:<br>H\u01ceo, w\u01d2 d\u011bng n\u01d0.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u7b49\u4f60\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/33b-\u597d\u6211\u7b49\u4f60.mp3\">\u597d\u6211\u7b49\u4f60<\/a><br>Ok, I\u2019ll wait for you.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p><em>y\u012b xi\u01ceosh\u00ed h\u00f2u<br>\u4e00\u5c0f\u65f6\u540e\u2026\u2026<br>An hour later\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p>B:<br>Z\u00e0i d\u011bng n\u01d0 w\u01d2 \u00e8 s\u01d0 le, b\u00f9 d\u011bng le. W\u01d2 ch\u012b f\u00e0n le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u518d\u7b49\u4f60\u6211\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5403\u996d\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/33c-\u518d\u7b49\u4f60\u6211\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86.mp3\">\u518d\u7b49\u4f60\u6211\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86<\/a><br>I\u2019ll die of hunger if I continue waiting for you. Not waiting anymore. I\u2019m going to eat.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h3>6. fixed structures<\/h3>\n<p>And then there are fixed structures with \u4e862, which are a lot easier since they are set forms. Here are a few most common structures.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h5>\u592a t\u00e0i + Adj + \u4e86 le<\/h5>\n<p>Although the direct translation is \u2018too ~\u2019, it could be translated several ways, including \u2018very\u2019, \u2018so\u2019, \u2018awfully\u2019, and so on. Note that this can be used for both positive and negative contexts.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>34)<\/strong><br>Xi\u00e0nz\u00e0i q\u00f9 de hu\u00e0 t\u00e0i w\u01cen le, w\u01d2men m\u00edngti\u0101n z\u00e0i q\u00f9 ba.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u73b0\u5728\u53bb\u7684\u8bdd\u592a\u665a\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u660e\u5929\u518d\u53bb\u5427\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/34-\u73b0\u5728\u53bb\u7684\u8bdd\u592a\u665a\u4e86.mp3\">\u73b0\u5728\u53bb\u7684\u8bdd\u592a\u665a\u4e86<\/a><br>It\u2019s too late to go now. Let\u2019s go tomorrow.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>35)<\/strong><br>N\u01d0 zu\u00f2 de m\u00e1ntou t\u00e0i h\u01ceoch\u012b le, w\u01d2 zh\u0113n xi\u01ceng ti\u0101nti\u0101n ch\u012b.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4f60\u505a\u7684\u9992\u5934\u592a\u597d\u5403\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u771f\u60f3\u5929\u5929\u5403\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/35-\u4f60\u505a\u7684\u9992\u5934\u592a\u597d\u5403\u4e86.mp3\">\u4f60\u505a\u7684\u9992\u5934\u592a\u597d\u5403\u4e86<\/a><br>The buns you make are simply delicious. I\u2019d so much love to eat them every day.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h5>V\/Adj + \u6b7b s\u01d0 (O) \u4e86 le<\/h5>\n<p>This is very similar to \u592a\u2026\u2026 \u4e86, except that it is a lot more colloquial and has a stronger intensity. It literally means \u2018~ to death\u2019, and <em>can<\/em> mean so, but usually, we use it just for exaggeration. Compared to \u592a\u2026\u2026\u4e86, this expression mostly has negative connotations, but sometimes to express the intensity, it is also used in a positive way.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>36)<\/strong><br>Zh\u00e8 h\u00e1izi, w\u01d2 shu\u014d sh\u00e9nme d\u014du d\u01d0ng zu\u01d0, q\u00ec s\u01d0 (w\u01d2) le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u8fd9\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u9876\u5634\uff0c\u6c14\u6b7b\uff08\u6211\uff09\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/36-\u8fd9\u5b69\u5b50\u6211\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u9876\u5634.mp3\">\u8fd9\u5b69\u5b50\u6211\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u9876\u5634<\/a><br>This kid talks back no matter what I say. He\u2019ll be the death of me!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>37)<\/strong><br>J\u012bnti\u0101n zh\u014dngy\u00fa k\u00e0nd\u00e0o \u01d2uxi\u00e0ng, k\u0101ix\u012bn s\u01d0 le!<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u4eca\u5929\u7ec8\u4e8e\u770b\u5230\u5076\u50cf\uff0c\u5f00\u5fc3\u6b7b\u4e86\uff01<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/37-\u4eca\u5929\u7ec8\u4e8e\u770b\u5230\u5076\u50cf.mp3\">\u4eca\u5929\u7ec8\u4e8e\u770b\u5230\u5076\u50cf<\/a><br>I finally got to see my idol today. I\u2019m on cloud nine!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<h5>\u8981 y\u00e0o + V (O) + \u4e86 le<\/h5>\n<p>This indicates that something is about to happen. Adjectives and nouns are also possible, but verbs are the most common in this structure.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>38)<\/strong><br>Y\u00e0o sh\u00e0ngk\u00e8 le, w\u01d2men hu\u00ed ji\u00e0osh\u00ec ba.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u8981\u4e0a\u8bfe\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u6559\u5ba4\u5427\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/38-\u8981\u4e0a\u8bfe\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u6559\u5ba4\u5427.mp3\">\u8981\u4e0a\u8bfe\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u6559\u5ba4\u5427<\/a><br>Class is starting soon. Let\u2019s go back to the classroom.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>39)<\/strong><br>T\u0101 y\u00e0o k\u016b le, n\u01d0 bi\u00e9 m\u00e0 t\u0101 le.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u5979\u8981\u54ed\u4e86\uff0c\u4f60\u522b\u9a82\u5979\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/39-\u5979\u8981\u54ed\u4e86\u4f60\u522b\u9a82\u5979\u4e86.mp3\">-\u5979\u8981\u54ed\u4e86\u4f60\u522b\u9a82\u5979\u4e86<\/a><br>She\u2019s about to cry. Stop scolding her.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p>Finally, let\u2019s review our very first eating example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:20px\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>3a)<\/strong><br>W\u01d2 ch\u012ble.<br><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86\u3002<\/span><br><a href=\"https:\/\/akikolingoland.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/03a-\u6211\u5403\u4e86.mp3\">\u6211\u5403\u4e86<\/a><br>I have eaten.\/ I ate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:\u201c10\u201dpx\"><\/div>\n<p>Now that we have done both \u4e861 and \u4e862, does this now make you confused? Is this \u4e861 or \u4e862? It is actually both! It is \u4e861, expressing the completion of the action, and also at the same time \u4e862, confirming the completion of it.<\/p>\n<p>I can\u2019t list everything about \u4e86, but the above are the most important traits. If you understand them well, you should be able to to use \u4e86 pretty well too! It probably will take you quite some time, but don\u2019t worry, take things one step at a time, and come back to review this whenever you are unclear. Don\u2019t forget to check out the <a href=\"summary-of-le\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">summary here<\/a> and the <a href=\"exercises-on-le\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">exercise here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>And look out for my next lesson, which will be on the difference between \u4e86 and \u8fc7 guo. Till then, \u518d\u89c1 z\u00e0iji\u00e0n!<\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:40px\"><\/div><br><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">If you&#8217;ve enjoyed this, don&#8217;t forget to share, and do join me on<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Akikos-Lingoland\/273268649500168\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCRdH0bs8eiB8R9PXGGin0zA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/twitter.com\/AkikoLingoland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Twitter<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pinterest.com\/akikolingoland\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pinterest<\/a>!<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\" style=\"height:40px\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4e86 = past tense If you ever hear someone tell you that, you can be quite sure that the person doesn\u2019t understand the language at all, even if they are Chinese! Because \u4e86 \u2260 past tense! Looks&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16790,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[293,95,82,85],"tags":[232,369,242,371],"class_list":["post-16708","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-grammar","category-mandarin","category-videos","tag-elementary","tag-particle","tag-pre-intermediate","tag-le"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Qiqi\"\/>\n\t<meta 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